川 ( かわ ) 口 ( ぐち ) ( kawaguchi, “ mouth of river ” ).IPA ( Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Kinmen): /t͡sʰŋ̍⁴⁴/.( Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong).IPA ( Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/.( Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese).Sinological IPA ( old-style): /t͡sʰuæ̃¹¹/.( Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou– Hong Kong) +.(Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.) Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чүан (čüan, I).STEDT instead compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s ( “ water fluid liquid river soak spit ” ), whence 涕 ( OC *tʰiːlʔ, “tears”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuj ( “ water fluid liquid ” ), Chepang तीः ( “ water rain river ” ) this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an *‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages. STEDT notes that this does not account for the *-n coda. Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) ( “ river valley ” ), whence 江 ( OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 谷 ( OC *kloːɡ, “valley”), Tibetan ཀླུང ( klung, “ river ” ), Burmese ချောင်း ( hkyaung:, “ stream ” ). 順 and 馴, Sagart (1999), and later, Baxter and Sagart (2014), reconstructs 川 with a lateral initial and suggests that only a *t- prefix would account for the Middle Chinese initial /t͡ɕʰ/. Based on other characters in the same phonetic series, e.g.巛, 甽 and 訓, Baxter (1992) and Schuessler (2007) reconstruct the word with a velar initial ( Handel, 1998 Sagart, 1999), which undergoes irregular palatalization in the development to Middle Chinese ( Baxter, 1992). Based on velar contacts in the same phonetic series, e.g.Karlgren (1957) notes that the Middle Chinese form is irregular based on evidence from Shijing rimes. The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic ( STEDT): Pictogram ( 象形) – compare 水 ( OC *qʰʷljilʔ).
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